home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
Freaks Macintosh Archive
/
Freaks Macintosh Archive.bin
/
Freaks Macintosh Archives
/
Textfiles
/
zines
/
DNA
/
DNAV1I5.sit
/
DNAV1I5
/
ARTICLE.008
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1993-10-30
|
76KB
|
1,642 lines
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
The
Sixth Column
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Agency Atrocities #3
FEMA
(Federal Emergency Management Agency)
The Constitution's Worst Enemy
This article/file is a compilation of information I've collected in respect to
an almost unknown government agency. This agency has been shrouded in mystery
and secrecy for a long time. However, the information contained in this file
should make you very concerned about what the people on Capital Hill have been
getting away with.
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
FEMA's structure for fascist rule
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
By Kathleen Klenetsky and Herbert Quinde
"You have an authoritarian structure. . .with FEMA."
--Harold Relyea, chief specialist on presidential
directives at the Congressional Research Service,
in an interview with EIR.
The Federal Emergency Management Agency was founded during the presidency
of one Trilateral Commission member, Jimmy Carter, and it seems
increasingly likely that its fundamental purpose -- to seize control of the
reins of government through emergency fiat -- will be realized under the
presidency of another, George Bush.
The Trilateral link is no accident. Together with the other leading
Eastern Establishment think tank, the New York Council on Foreign Relations
(CFR), the Trilateral Commission effectively brought FEMA into existence.
The leading theoreticians behind the creation of FEMA were Samuel
Huntington, a National Security Council consultant under Carter, and
Zbigniew Brzezinski, who served as Carter's national security advisor.
Before that, Brzezinski was executive director at the Trilateral
Commission, a "New Ager" who envisioned a "technetronic society" in the
United States. Nominally a Democrat, Brzezinski nevertheless became a
leading adviser on strategic policy to George Bush's 1988 campaign, and
continues to serve as an informal consultant to the Bush administration.
Huntington is currently a member of the FEMA Advisory Board. Both
Huntington and Brzezinski belong to the CFR.
FEMA was established in March 1979 by presidential Review Memorandum 32,
with the mandate to maintain "the continuity of government" (COG) during a
national security emergency. PRM 32 bypassed the U.S. Constitution, and
awarded power to the _unelected_ officials at the National Security Council
to direct U.S. government operations by emergency decree. By placing FEMA
under the NSC's control, Huntington, Brzezinski, et al., turning the NSC
into a shadow technocratic dictatorship, waiting for a real or manufactured
crisis to seize control of the country.
Although FEMA was sold to Congress and the public as the vehicle through
which the United States could mount an adequate, centralized response to
natural and other disasters, the agency has consistently failed to fulfill
that purpose. In its last major interventions, in 1989's San Francisco
earthquake and Hurricane Hugo, FEMA's ineptness and bungling enraged
disaster victims and local officials. FEMA was more interested in
psychologically profiling the population's response to the disasters, than
it was in assisting their physical survival. That was typical of FEMA's
10-year record, which began with its panic-mongering handling of the Three
Mile Island nuclear accident in 1979.
Burying the Constitution
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
FEMA has proven by it's own actions that it is not a disaster preparedness
agency. Its true purpose is found in the 1970s policy decisions of the CFR
and the Trilateral Commission, decisions which ushered in the
"post-industrial society" and "limits to growth" era which brought the
United States into the current depression.
It is clear from viewing these policy decisions, that the Establishment had
made a conscious decision to deal with economic contraction and concomitant
social unrest by resorting to fascist emergency rule and other forms of
"fascism with a democratic face."
In one of the earliest Trilateral Commission reports, "The Crisis of
Democracy," published in 1975, Huntington demanded that democratic
government be curbed in times of economic crisis. "We have come to
recognize that there are potentially desirable limits to economic growth,"
he stated. "There are also potentially desirable _limits to the indefinite
extension of political democracy_. . . . A government which lacks
authority. . .will have little ability, short or cataclysmic crisis to
_impose on its people the sacrifice which may be necessary_" (emphasis
added).
In 1973, the Council of Foreign Relations launched its "1980s Project,"
which it called the "largest single effort in our 55-year history." By its
own account, the 1980s Project was aimed at "describing how world trends
might be steered toward a particular desirable future outcome." Zbigniew
Brzezinski belonged to the 1980s Project's governing body, and Samuel
Huntington served on its coordinating group.
Among the most important products of the project was _Alternatives to
Monetary Disorder_, by the late Fred Hirsch, senior adviser to the
International Monetary Fund. Hirsch wrote: "A degree of controlled
disintegration in the world of economy is a legitimate objective for the
1980s and may be order. A central normative problem for the international
economic order in the years ahead is how to ensure that the disintegration
indeed occurs in a controlled way and does not rather spiral into damaging
restrictionism."
"Controlled disintegration" became the policy of Jimmy Carter's Federal
Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker, whose high interest rates wrecked the U.S.
industrial and farm base during the Carter and Reagan years.
Another Key 1980s Project document was _International Disaster Relief_, by
Stephen Green. It predicted that the future will bring about
"megadisasters" that will "create conditions of political instability and,
in all likelihood, of conflict, which will further erode the capacity of
societies to cope with natural disasters."
Green recommended rapid implementation of new disaster preparedness
efforts. He called for the creation of a central, global agency, under the
United Nations, with a mandate to intervene in disaster situations, despite
opposition from local governments. "Such a shift," he wrote, "would
reflect increasingly widespread _dissatisfaction with the constraints posed
by the recognition of sovereign national jurisdictions" and the "abstract
notion of national sovereignty" (emphasis added).
"Disaster relief" thus became an excuse for tossing out existing forms of
government which stand in the way of fascist economic policies (for which
"sacrifice" and "controlled disintegration" are merely euphemisms) which
the Eastern Establishment has decided must be imposed.
Oliver North and FEMA
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
FEMA's powers have been enhanced during the Reagan and Bush administrations
to the point that the agency is now positioned to take over the country in
the event of a national security crisis, such as a war with Iraq or an
interruption of oil-imports.
A preview of FEMA dictatorship can be found in the Iran-Contra affair. One
of the key components of the FEMA apparatus is a group of 100 persons it
has positioned throughout the government bureaucracy. Known as the
"continuity of government" (COG) structure, these 100 individuals are
charged with running government departments in times of crisis. One member
of this group was none other than Oliver North -- whom President Bush
called a "national hero."
Bush was at the center of both the Iran-Contra fiasco, and the broader
FEMA-linked crisis management apparatus set up during the Reagan years. In
early 1982, Reagan created the Special Situations Group (SSG), designating
Vice President Bush as chairman.
In May 1982, the Reagan administration is sued a memorandum which announced
that the SSG "is charged, _inter alia_ with formulating plans in
anticipation of crisis. In order to facilitate this crisis pre-planned
responsibility, a Standing Crisis Pre-Planning Group (CPPG) is hereby
established."
North was assigned to the CPPG -- and later helped to write the 1984 "Rex"
exercise for police-state rule in the United States.
Through an outgrowth of this structure, the Iran-Contra controllers wielded
extraordinary power and ran various foreign and domestic initiates,
including the overthrow of President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines
through what became the Project Democracy apparatus, the Iran-Contra
affair, and the government's effort to jail Lyndon LaRouche, who was
rightly seen as a major threat to the FEMA network's "government by fiat"
scheme. (As EIR has previously reported, Buster Horton, the foreman of the
jury which found LaRouche guilty on trumped-up charges in December 1988,
belonged to the same 100-man COG structure as North.)
On July 22, 1982, President Reagan issued his National Security Decision
Directive 47 to complement the operations of the SSG and CPPG. Titled
"Emergency Mobilization Preparedness," NSDD 47 defined the responsibilities
of federal departments and branches of the U.S. government to respond to a
national security crisis or domestic emergency. The president charged the
Emergency Mobilization Preparedness Board with implementing the programs
detailed in the directive, which included a restriction of civil rights,
bordering on explicit police-state measures (see accompanying article --
"12656.TXT").
As one of his first acts in office, Bush issued National Security Directive
1, which boosted the powers of the National Security Council, the body that
runs FEMA.
Bush also stacked the FEMA leadership with "old boys" from the intelligence
and covert operations networks, among them Jerry Jennings, who was
confirmed as a FEMA deputy director in May. Jenning's background includes
nearly a decade of White House service as an advisor to the President's
national security adviser under four administrations, beginning in 1973.
Before that, he worked with the CIA in the Far East during the gear up for
the Vietnam War (1965-68), and for the FBI, where he specialized in drugs.
EIR Nov 23, 1990 (pg.23)
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
ESTABLISHMENT PRESS
'EXPOSES' FEMA
[Reproduced with permission from _The Spotlight_.]
The SPOTLIGHT
300 Independence Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20003
The hidden agenda of the misnamed Federal Emergency Management Agency,
exposed years ago in The SPOTLIGHT, is just now coming to the
attention of the Establishment media.
EXCLUSIVE TO THE SPOTLIGHT BY MIKE BLAIR
The Establishment news media and a congressional investigation have
finally gotten around to reporting and investigating a story that
first appeared in the May 5, 1980 issue of The SPOTLIGHT.
The populist Washington weekly detailed how on July 20, 1979, then-
President Jimmy Carter signed Executive Order 12148, establishing the
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), a super-secret agency
which would wield complete dictatorial powers over the American nation
and its people in the event of the president declaring a "national
emergency."
Last February 22, the Cox News Service revealed "three times as many
FEMA employees work on the top-secret activities of the agency as work
on natural disaster programs," which has been touted by federal
officials as FEMA's primary responsibility.
"Only 20 members of Congress -- those with adequate security clearance
-- know that rather than concentrating on natural disasters such as
last year's Hurricane Andrew, the Federal Emergency Management Agency
has been gearing up for Armageddon," Cox News Service reported.
SECRETS UNRAVELED
FEMA's darkest secrets began to unravel after Hurricane Hugo and the
Los Angeles riots in 1989. This process accelerated after Hurricane
Andrew devastated southern Florida last August 24, when the agency
proved to be totally inept at dealing with natural disaster.
Members of the House and Senate without the clearances necessary to be
privy to the agency's secrets started asking questions about FEMA's
inability to deal effectively with the chaos left in the wake of the
hurricane.
As an example, the city manager of hard-hit Homestead, Florida pleaded
for 100 hand-held radios because the municipality had only one
operating telephone. Instead of sending the radios, FEMA sent the city
manager three of its 300 special, formerly top-secret, vans capable of
sending encrypted messages and multifrequency radio messages to
military aircraft halfway around the globe.
Homestead never got its hand-held radios -- but they did get FEMA gear
capable of calling in an air strike. The vans, equipped with their own
generators, were used to provide electricity and 36 telephone lines to
local, state and federal officials operating in Miami. The vans
represent only a small fraction of the mobile communications units,
which to a large degree still remain secret.
At a recent Senate hearing delving into the ineptitude of federal
assistance after Andrew struck, Sen. Barbara Mikulski ( D-Md. ) noted
the government's inability to deal with the disaster "was widely seen
by many of Hurricane Andrew's victims in Florida as a disaster
itself."
'BLACK CURTAIN'
Actually, FEMA employees sent to deal with Hurricane Andrew were not
even aware of the agency's total strength in manpower or of its real
purpose, due to what congressional investigators have called "a black
curtain of secrecy" that has shrouded FEMA since its inception. The
SPOTLlGHT's revelations about the agency began with its initial story
about FEMA on May 5, 1980, with follow-up stories outlining further
details on May 26 and June 30, 1980. The SPOTLlGHT's detailed and
exclusive coverage continued in numerous articles over the 13 years
since the initial revelations, including the publication of a special
supplement detailing the agency's secret activities and the sinister
powers created by secret presidential executive orders.
The shadowy agency has the power to take over all government
operations and suspend civil rights and the Constitution itself if a
declaration of a "national emergency" is made by the president.
Moreover, the powers of FEMA were increased by President Ronald
Reagan.
PLANNING FOR WAR
From 1982 to 1991, FEMA was allocated more than $1.3 billion for
equipment, support facilities and personnel to provide communications
for government leaders in the event of a nuclear war, which
illustrates that while the administrations of Ronald Reagan and George
Bush were witnessing the collapse of the former Soviet Union they were
still preparing for a global nuclear war.
During the same period, FEMA spent an additional $1.6 billion on
related national security programs, a total of $2.9 billion spent
behind the "black curtain of secrecy."
The Mobile Emergency Response (MER) program -- which created the vans
sent to Homestead-was set up to provide the president the means of
'communicating with his generals and various top government officials'
while traveling around the country. Each MER van is capable of sending
and receiving classified civilian and military information to and from
anywhere in the world.
According to a number of sources, former Marine Lt. Col. Oliver North,
who achieved fame during the Iran-contra affair, was a key figure in
establishing the MER program.
Retired Army Gen. Julius W. Becton Jr., who headed FEMA from 1985 to
1989, said the MER program was "top secret" and that he was cautioned
upon leaving government never to discuss it. *
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Series Title:
IN CASE OF EMERGENCY ...
FEMA vs. Your Constitutional Rights
[This series of texts is reproduced with permission from
a special supplement to _The Spotlight_, May 25, 1992.]
The SPOTLIGHT
300 Independence Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20003
WHAT IS FEMA?
This text may be freely reproduced provided acknowledgement to
The Spotlight appears, including the above address.]
FEMA is the acronym for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. It
was established by Executive Order 12148 and signed into existence by Jimmy
Carter in 1979.
It was originally planned as an umbrella administration consisting of
the disaster and emergency response arms of nearly a dozen scattered
federal agencies.
Questions have existed about FEMA's role from the beginning. Veteran
Washington watchers have long been puzzled by its secretive role.
The Reagan administration, for example, had plans for arresting tens
of thousands of "potentially subversive" suspect aliens, critics and
dissenters in the wake of an undefined national emergency.
Does FEMA pose a danger to lawful government? Is there the
possibility of a dictatorial overthrow of the Constitution with the
president seizing all power?
These are the questions Americans should ask. This reprint from The
SPOTLIGHT is designed to provide the facts necessary.
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Series Title:
IN CASE OF EMERGENCY ...
FEMA vs. Your Constitutional Rights
[This series of texts is reproduced with permission from
a special supplement to _The Spotlight_, May 25, 1992.
The SPOTLIGHT
300 Independence Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20003
This text may be freely reproduced provided acknowledgement to
The Spotlight appears, including the above address.]
YOUR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS COULD DISAPPEAR OVERNIGHT
By Mike Blair
Exclusive to The SPOTLIGHT
Washington, DC -- It is a frightening thought, but there are Executive
Orders (EOs) on the books that make it possible for a president to ignore
the Constitution and its cherished Bill of Rights, Congress, the judiciary
and the very will of the American people.
It is a fact that a complete dictatorship can be imposed upon the
people at any time, simply by the president declaring a national emergency.
During the 1950s and 1960s, it was believed that the best way to bring
about one-world government was by disarming the United States. Those who
feared for America's Constitutionally guaranteed liberties, and rightfully
so, warned that America would be disarmed and would become easy prey for
the ever-expanding military power of the Soviet Union and Red China.
They particularly opposed the powers of the Arms Control and
Disarmament Agency, established to disarm America.
Now, however, with Eastern Europe shaking itself free from the
shackles of communism and those peoples exercising their nationalistic
yearnings, disarmament by both sides has become a necessity to cure social
ills plaguing the U.S. and former Soviet bloc countries. With the apparent
failure of the Red military machine, the general movement has been toward
an easing of the arms race.
New Friendship
From this newfound "friendship" with Eastern Europe and in particular
from the so-called multinational effort against Iraq in the Persian Gulf,
President George Bush rarely gives a speech or holds a press conference in
which he fails to mention his thoughts about a "New World Order."
Now, however, a new method is needed to nullify America's treasured
Constitution and the insidious EOs have gained a new and even more
dangerous part to play in the plotting of the one worlders of the
Trilateralist-Bilderberger ilk.
The biggest danger of such schemes as those proposed by Newt Gingrich
(R-Ga.) and Sen. Phil Gramm (R-Texas) is that any declared "national
emergencies" would allow the president to activate repressive EOs signed by
presidents going back to World War II.
Here are some of the EOs involved:
* EO 10995, which provides for the takeover of the communications media.
In other words, forget about freedom of the press.
* EO 10997, which provides for the takeover of all electric power,
petroleum, gas and other fuels and minerals.
* EO 10998, which provides for the takeover of all food resources and
the nation's farms.
* EO 10999, which provides for the takeover of all modes of
transportation, control of highways, seaports, etc.
* EO 11000, which provides for mobilization of all civilians into work
brigades under government supervision. In other words, slave labor.
* EO 11001, which provides for government takeover of all health,
education and welfare functions.
* EO 11002 designates the postmaster general to operate a national
registration of all persons.
* EO 11003, which provides for the government to take over airports and
aircraft.
* EO 11004, which provides for the Housing and Finance Authority to
relocate communities, designate areas to be abandoned and establish
new locations for populations.
* EO 11005, which provides for the government to take over railroads,
inland waterways and public storage facilities.
All of the above orders were combined by President Richard Nixon into
the notorious EO 11490 (pronounced EO eleven-4-9-oh), which allows all of
these insidious things to take place if a national emergency is ever
declared.
Here are some direct quotes from the 40-page Nixon EO: "Develop plans
and procedures for the Department of Defense utilization of non-industrial
facilities in the even of an emergency in order to reduce requirements for
new construction and to provide facilities in a minimum period of time ..."
-- in other words, the confiscation of private property.
"Develop plans and procedures for the provision of logistical support
to members of foreign forces, their employees and dependents as may be
present in the United States under terms of bilateral or multilateral
agreements which authorize such support in the event of a national
emergency ..."
In other words, prepare for the billeting of foreign troops in your
home, contrary to the Third Amendment.
"Develop emergency plans for the control of alien enemies and _other
aliens_ within the United States ... . The location, restraint or custody
of aliens ..."
"The Secretary of Labor shall have primary responsibility for
preparing national emergency plans and developing preparedness programs
covering civilian manpower resources."
Preparations can be undertaken for forced labor.
"Provision for regulation of money and credit in accordance with the
needs of the economy, including the acquisition, decentralization and
distribution of emergency supplies of currency; the collection of cash
items and non-cash items; and the conduct of fiscal agency and foreign
operations.
"Provision for the continued or resumed operation of banking, savings
and loan, and farm credit institutions, including measures for the
recreation of evidence of assets or liabilities destroyed or inaccessible.
"Regulation of the withdrawal of currency and the transfer of credits,
including deposit and share account balances."
There are those naive souls who believe that fears of the United
States ever becoming a dictatorship are unwarranted. From the above EO
signed by Nixon on October 28, 1969, the reader can judge for himself.
Then along came President Jimmy Carter and EO 12148, titled the
Federal Emergency Management Act. All prior EOs having anything to do with
emergency planning were incorporated into it. This EO gives the president
absolute power during any "emergency," so declared by him.
From Carter's machinations emerged a totally new bureaucracy, the
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which assumed control of a
chain of older "emergency agencies," including the Federal Disaster
Insurance Assistance Administration, the Federal Insurance Administration,
the National Weather Service, the Federal Emergency Broadcast System and
about a dozen others.
In an "emergency," FEMA was, through EO 12148, to virtually take over
the key functions of the national government by means of "senior
representatives" and "liaison agents" now positioned in every major
government agency.
Incredibly, FEMA even has the power to assume the duties of the
president himself.
FEMA, under its more innocent-appearing posture, is the organization
of the federal government that rushes in to administer federal aid and
assistance when a disaster strikes a community or state.
Those who want to know the complete truth about its not-so-innocent
nature only need to peruse Carter's EO 12148, as it appeared on July 24,
1979, in the _Federal Register_, and as it was reprinted in the May 26,
1980 issue of The SPOTLIGHT.
Finally, President Ronald Reagan updated this EO in his last full year
in office on November 18. 1988, leaving his successor, Bush, the tools to
create a dictatorship, his "New World Order."
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Series Title:
IN CASE OF EMERGENCY ...
FEMA vs. Your Constitutional Rights
[This series of texts is reproduced with permission from
a special supplement to _The Spotlight_, May 25, 1992.
The SPOTLIGHT
300 Independence Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20003
This text may be freely reproduced provided acknowledgement to
The Spotlight appears, including the above address.]
AMERICANS `COMPUTERIZED' BY FEMA
By Warren Hough and Martin Mann
Exclusive to The Spotlight
Washington, DC -- Fort Meade, Maryland is the government's most tightly
guarded installation (it houses, among others, the secret National Security
Agency). In an unmarked, windowless office building on the grounds of Fort
Meade, hundreds of thousands of American citizens are being "computerized"
by technicians on the payroll of the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA).
"Administratively, this place is the equivalent of an unlisted
telephone," explained a former senior official of FEMA, who agreed to an
interview on condition that his identity be protected. "It has no official
existence. There is no listing for it, no traceable designation. But it's
there, idling quietly, like a doomsday bomb waiting for its moment in
history."
The task of FEMA's secret data control annex at Fort Meade is to
develop so-called CAPs -- the term stands for "crisis action programs" --
to be implemented in national emergencies. The term was originally used to
denote disaster relief plans at the Federal Preparedness Agency, once a
department of the General Services Administration, now merged into FEMA.
But the computerized action plans instrumented at Fort Meade have
nothing to do with aiding victims of hurricanes or other natural disasters.
They are blueprints for taking over the U.S. government and converting it
into a command system under the "emergency management" of federal
bureaucrats.
Privately, congressional investigators, intelligence analysts and
veteran Washington newsmen familiar with the inner machinery of the vast
federal bureaucracy have long expressed concern and anxiety about FEMA. An
"umbrella administration" born in 1978 when President Jimmy Carter combined
the disaster and emergency response functions of nearly a dozen scattered
federal outposts into a single agency, FEMA has always been known as an
"activist" and secretive fraternity.
Under Louis Giuffrida, appointed FEMA director by President Ronald
Reagan in 1981, the agency developed a top-secret project for arresting
tens of thousands of "suspect aliens" along with troublesome critics and
dissenters whom the White House found annoying enough to be labeled
"potentially subversive."
Tagged Operation Rex 84, these un-Constitutional plans were first
discovered and revealed by this populist newspaper in a series of exclusive
investigative reports in the April 23 and May 14, 1984 issues.
But although The SPOTLIGHT's expose wrecked FEMA's plans for setting
up mass "emergency detention centers" -- and cost Giuffrida his post as
director -- secret preparations for "[ensuring] the continuity of the
federal government" in ill-defined "emergencies" remained the major concern
of FEMA's senior officials.
"Those words, enunciated by President Gerald Ford in Executive Order
11921, were understood by FEMA to mean that one day they would be in charge
of the country," explained Dr. Henry Kliemann, a political scientist at
Boston University. "As these bureaucrats saw it, FEMA's real mission was
to wait, prepare and then take over when some `situation' seemed serious
enough to turn the United States into a police state."
To illustrate FEMA's conspiratorial core, knowledgeable Washington
intelligence sources cited the instance of the 1989 visit by President
George Bush to Cartagena, Colombia, to attend a so-called regional drug
summit with three Latin American presidents.
"There wee rumors of a terrorist threat against Bush by Colombian drug
hit squads," recounted Monroe H. Brown, a former federal security officer
with long years of service in Miami. "Teams of Secret Service, FBI and CIA
agents were mobilized to find out how serious the threat was, while back in
Washington, FEMA went to work on an emergency program in case the
presidential plane was hit by a Stinger missile somewhere over Colombia."
FEMA's emergency measures included preparations to round up more than
10,000 Americans "redlined" in the agency's computers as "activists,
supporters or sympathizers of terrorism in the United States," explained
Brown.
In August 1990, after Iraq invaded Kuwait, FEMA got ready to deal with
"terrorist emergencies" in the United States by churning up the same old
discredited computer compilation of "terrorist supporters and
sympathizers," adding thousands of names to it and alerting the U.S. Army
to set up detention camps to hold these innocent victims of its
bureaucratic brutality.
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Series Title:
IN CASE OF EMERGENCY ...
FEMA vs. Your Constitutional Rights
[This series of texts is reproduced with permission from
a special supplement to _The Spotlight_, May 25, 1992.
The SPOTLIGHT
300 Independence Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20003
This text may be freely reproduced provided acknowledgement to
The Spotlight appears, including the above address.]
CHIEF EXECUTIVE COULD SEIZE DICTATORIAL POWER ANY TIME
A little-known executive order hands the President authority to seize
control of the political, economic and military structure on a whim.
WHAT IS AN EO?
Under the Constitution, the president is vested with the executive
power of the government (Article II, Section I, clause 1), the power to
"preserve, protect and defend the Constitution" (Art. II, Sect. 1, clause
7), and the power to see that the laws are faithfully executed (Art. II,
Sect. 3). From these powers is implied the authority to issue "executive
orders."
The president must have the authority to issue directives to keep
control of the executive branch and to provide detail to legislation.
Neither Congress nor the courts have the right to prohibit the executive
branch from adding or subtracting authority from one government agency to
another, for example.
However, this presidential power has been abused in the form of
executive orders that impinge across legislative concerns which are
properly the province of Congress.
The validity of executive orders (EOs) has been questioned many times
dating at least to the Civil War. However, a ruling as to the extent or
limit to which they may be used has never been determined by the courts or
Congress.
The _Federal Register_ contains the text of EOs issued by the
presidents. There is no congressional authorization required, nor is there
any review by the judiciary. All EOs are "laws" made by a single man --
the president of the United States.
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
Executive Order 12148. July 20, 1979
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution
and laws of the United States of America, including the Federal
Civil Defense Act of 1950, as amended (50 U.S.C. App. 2251 (et
seq.), the Disaster Relief Act of 1970, as amended (42 U.S.C.
Chapter 58 note), the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 (88 Stat. 143;
42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.), the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of
1977 (42 U.S.C. 7701 et seq.), Section 4 of Public Law 92-385 (86
Stat. 556), Section 43 of the Act of 1950, as amended (50 U.S.C.
App. 206 1 et seq.), Reorganization Plan No. I of 1958,
Reorganization Plan No. I of 1973, the Strategic and Critical
Materials Stock Piling Act, as amended (50 U.S.C. 98 et seq.),
Section 202 of the Budget and Accounting Procedures (Jct of 1950
(31 U.S.C..58Sc), and Section 30/ of Title 3 of the United States
Code, and in order to transfer emergency functions to the Federal
Emergency Management Agency, it is hereby ordered as follows:
SECTION 1. TRANSFERS OR REASSIGNMENTS
1-1 Transfers or Reassignment of Existing Functions.
1-101. All functions vested in the President that have been
delegated or assigned to the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency,
Department of Defense, are transferred or reassigned to the
Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency.
1-102. All functions vested in the President that have been
delegated or assigned to the Federal Disaster Assistance Adminis-
trations, Department of Housing and Urban Development, are trans-
ferred or reassigned to the Director of the Federal Emergency
Management Agency, including any of those functions redelegated
or reassigned to the Department of Commerce with respect to as-
sistance to communities in the development of readiness plans for
severe weather-related emergencies.
1-103. All functions vested in the President that have been
delegated or assigned to the Federal Preparedness Agency, General
Services Administration, are transferred or reassigned to the
Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency.
1-104. All functions vested in the President by the Earthquake
Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 (421 U.S.C. 770 1 et seq.), includ-
ing those functions preformed by the Office of Science and Tech-
nology Policy, are delegated, transferred, or reassigned to the
Director of the Federal Emergency Agency.
1--2. Transfer or Reassignment of Resources.
1--201. The records, property; personnel and positions, and un-
expended balances of appropriations, available or to be made
available, which relate to the functions transferred, reassigned,
or redelegated by this Order are hereby transferred to the Direc-
tor of the Federal Emergency Management Agency.
1--202. The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall
make such determinations, issue such orders, and take all actions
necessary or appropriate to effectuate the transfers or reassign-
ments provided by this Order, including the transfer of funds,
records, property, and personnel.
SECTION 2. MANAGEMENT OF EMERGENCY PLANNING AND ASSISTANCE
2--1. General.
2-101 The Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency
shall establish Federal policies for, and coordinate, all civil
defense and civil emergency planning, management, mitigation, and
assistance functions of Executive agencies.
2-102. The Director shall periodically review and evaluate the
civil defense and civil emergency functions of the Executive
agencies. In order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of
those functions, the Director shall recommend to the President
alternative methods oF providing Federal planning, management,
mitigation, and assistance.
2--103. The Director shall be responsible for the coordination of
efforts to prame dam safety, for the coordination of natural and
nuclear disaster warning systems, and for the coordination of
preparedness and planning to reduce the consequences of major
terrorist incidents.
2--104. The Director shall represent the President in working
with State and local governments and private sector to stimulate
vigorous participation in civil emergency preparedness, mitiga-
tion, response, and recovery programs.
2--105. The Director shall provide an annual report to the Presi-
dent for subsequent transmittal to the Congress on the func-
tions of the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The report
shall assess the current overall state of effectiveness of Feder-
al civil defense and civil emergency functions, organizations,
resources, and systems and recommend measures to be taken to im-
prove planning, management, assistance, and relief by all levels
of government, the private sector, and volunteer organizations.
2--2. Implementation.
2--201. In executing the functions under this Order, the Director
shall develop policies which provide that all civil defense and
civil emergency functions, resources, and systems of Executive
agencies are;
(a) founded on the use of existing organizations, resources, and
systems to the maximum extent practicable:
(b) integrated effectively with organizations, resources, and
programs of State and local governments, the private sector and
volunteer organizations; and
(c) developed, tested and utilized to prepare for, mitigate,
respond to and recover from the effects on the population of all
forms of emergencies.
2--202. Assignments of civil emergency functions shall, whenever
possible, be based on extensions (under emergency conditions) of
the regular missions of the Executive agencies.
2-203. For purposes of this Order, "civil emergency" means any
accidental, natural, man-caused, or wartime emergency or threat
thereof, which causes or may cause substantial injury or harm to
the population or substantial loss of property.
2-204. In order that civil defense planning continues to be fully
compatible with the Nation's overall strategic policy, and in or-
der to maintain an effective link between strategic nuclear plan-
ning and nuclear attack preparedness planning, the development of
civil defense policies and programs by the Director of the Feder-
al Emergency Management Agency shall be subject to oversight by
the Secretary of Defense and the National Security Council.
2 -- 205. To the extent authorized by law and within available
resources, the Secretary of Defense shall provide the director of
the Federal Emergency Management Agency with support for civil
defense programs in the areas of program development and adminis-
tration, technical support, research, communications, transporta-
tion, intelligence, and emergency operations.
2 -- 206. All Executive agencies shall cooperate with and assist
the Director in the performance of his functions.
2 -- 3 Transition Provisions.
2--301 The functions which have been transferred, reassigned, or
redelegated by Section I of this Order are recodified and revised
as set forth in this Order at Section 4, and as provided by the
amendments made at Section 5 to the provisions of other Orders.
2-302. Notwithstanding the revocations, revisions, codifications,
and amendments made by this Order, the Director may continue to
perform the functions transferred to him by Section I of this Or-
der, except where they may otherwise be inconsistent with the
provisions of this Order.
SECTION 3. FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT COUNCIL
3-1. Establishment of the Council.
3-101. There is hereby established the Emergency Management Coun-
cil.
3-102. The Council shall be the Federal Emergency Management
Agency, who shall be the Chairman, the Director of the Office of
Management and Budget and such others as the President may desig-
nate.
3.2 Functions of the Council
3-201. The Council shall advise and assist the President in the
oversight and direction of Federal emergency programs and
policies.
3-302. The Council shall provide guidance to the Director of the
Federal Emergency Management Agency in the performance of func-
tions vested in him.
3-3 Administrative and General Provisions.
3-301. The heads of Executive agencies shall cooperate with and
assist the Council in the performance of its functions.
3-302. The Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency
shall provide the Council with such administrative services and
support as may be necessary or appropriate
SECTION 4. DELEGATIONS
4-1. Delegation of Functions Transferred to the President.
4-101. The following functions were transferred to the Director
of the Office of Defense Mobilization by Section 2 of Reorganiza-
tion Plan No. 3 of 1953 (50 U.S.C. 404 note); they were sub-
sequently transferred to the President by Section I (a) of
Reorganization Plan No. I of 1958, as amended (50 U.S.C. App.
2271 note), and they are hereby delegated to the Director of the
Federal Emergency Management Agency:
(a) The functions vested in the Secretaries of the Army, Navy,
Air force, and Interior by the Strategic and Critical Materials
Stock Piling Act, as amended (50 U.S.C. 98 et seq.), including
the functions vested in the Army and Navy Munitions Board by item
(2) of section 6(a) of that Act (50 U.S.C. 98e(a) (2)), but ex-
cluding the functions vested in the Secretary of the Interior by
Section 7 of that Act (50 U.S.C. 98f).
(b) The functions vested in the Munitions Board of the Department
of Defense by Section 4 (h) of the Commodity Credit Corporation
Charter Act, as amended (15 U.S.C. 714b(h)). ' (c) The functions
vested in the Munitions Board of the Department of Defense by
Section 204(f) [originally 204(e)1 of the Federal Property and
Administrative Services Act of 1949, as amended (40 U.S.C.
485(f)].
4-102. The functions vested in the Director of the Office of
Defense Mobilization by Sections 103 and 303 of the National
Security Act of 1947, as amended by Sections 8 and 50 of the Act
of September 3, 1954 (Public Law 779; 68 Stat. 1228 and 11244)
(50 U.S.C. 404 and 405), were transferred to the President by
Section I (a) of Reorganization Plan No. I of 1958, as amended
(50 U.S.C. App. 2271 note), and they are hereby delegated to the
Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency.
4-103. (a) The functions vested in the Federal Civil Defense Ad-
ministration or its Administrator by the Federal Civil Defense
Act of 1950, as amended (50 U.S.C. App. 2251 et seq.), were
transferred to the President by Reorganization Plan No. I of
1958, and they are hereby delegated to the Director of the Feder-
al Emergency Management Agency.
(b) Excluded from the delegation in subsection (a) is the func-
tion under Section 205(a) (4) of the Federal Civil Defense Act of
1950, as amended (50 U.S.C. App. 2286(a) (4)), relating to the
establishment and maintenance of personnel standards on the merit
basis that was delegated to the Director of the Office of Person-
nel Management by Section I(b) of Executive Order No. 11589, as
amended (Section 2-lOl(b) of Executive Order No. 12107).
4-104. The Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency is
authorized to redelegate in accord with the provisions of Section
I(b) of Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958 (U.S.C. App. 2271
note), any of the functions delegated by Sections 4-101, 4-102,
and 4-103 of this Order.
4-105. The functions vested in the Administrator of the Federal
Civil Defense Administration by section 43 of the Act of August
10, 1956 (70A Stat. 636) were transferred to the President by
Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958, as amended (50 U.S.C. App.
2271 note), were subsequently revested in the Director of the Of-
fice of Civil and Defense Mobilization by Section 512 of Public
Law 86-500 (50 U.S.C. App. 2285) [the office was changed to Of-
fice of Emergency Planning by Public Law 87-296 (75 Stat. 6301
and then to the Office of Emergency Preparedness by Section 402
of Public Law 90-608 (82 Stat. 1194)], were again transferred to
the President by Section I of Reorganization Plan No. I of 1973
(50 U.S.C. App. 2271 note), an they are hereby delegated to the
director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency.
4-106. The functions vested in the Director of the Office of
Emergency Preparedness by Section 16 of the Act of September 23,
1950, as amended (20 U.S.C. 646), and by Section 7 of the Act of
September 30, 1950, as amended (20 U.S.C. 241-11, were trans-
ferred to the President by Section I of Reorganization Plan No. I
of 1973 (50 U.S.C. App. 2271 note), and they are hereby delegated
to the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency.
4-107. That function vested in the director of the Office of
Emergency Preparedness by Section 762(a) of the Higher Education
Act of 1965, as added by Section 161(a) of the Education Amend-
ments of 1972, and as further amended (20 U.S.C. 1132d-I(a),
to the extent transferred to the President by Reorganization Plan
No. I of 1973 (50 U.S.C. App. 2271 note), is hereby delegated to
the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency.
4-2. Delegation of Functions Vested in the President.
4-201. The functions vested in the President by the Disaster
Relief Act of 1970, as amended (42 U.S.C. Chapter 58 note), are
hereby delegated to the Director of the Federal Emergency Manage-
ment Agency.
4-202. The functions (related to grants for damages resulting
from hurricane and tropical storm Agnes) vested in the President
by Section 4 of Public Law 92-385 (86 Stat. 556) are hereby
delegated to the Director of the Federal Emergency Management
Agency.
4-203. The functions vested in the President by the Disaster
Relief Act of 1974 (88 Stat. 143; 42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.) except
those functions vested in the President by Sections 301 (relating
to the declaration of emergencies and major disasters), 401
(relating to the repair, reconstruction, restoration, or replace-
ment of Federal facilities), and 409 (relating to food coupons
and surplus commodities), are hereby delegated to the Director of
the Federal Emergency Management Agency.
4-204. The functions vested in the President by the Earthquake
Hazards Reduction Act of 1977 (91 Stat. 1098; 42 U.S.C. 7701 et
seq.) are hereby delegated to the Director of the Federal Emer-
gency Management Agency.
SECTION 5. OTHER EXECUTIVE ORDERS
5-1. Revocations.
5-101. Executive Order No. 10242, as amended, entitled "Pres-
cribing Regulations Governing the Exercise by the Federal Civil
Defense Administrator of Certain Administrative Authority Granted
by the Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950", is revoked.
5-102. Sections 1 and 2 of Executive Order No. 10296, as amended,
entitled "Providing for the Performance of Certain Defense Hous-
ing and Community Facilities and Service Functions" are revoked.
5-103. Executive Order No. 10494, as amended, relating to the
disposition of remaining functions in EO 5-104. Executive Order
No. 10529, as amended, relating to federal employee participation
in State and local civil defense programs, is revoked.
5-105 Section 3 of Executive Order No. 10601, as amended, which
concerns the Commodity Set Aside, is revoked.
5-106. Executive Order No. 10634, as amended, relating to loans
for facilities destroyed or damaged by a major disaster, is
revoked.
5-107..Section 4(d)(2) of Executive Order No. 10900, as amended,
which concerns the Commodity Set Aside, is revoked.
5-108. Executive Order No. 10952, as amended, entitled "Assign-
ing Civil Defense Responsibilities to the Secretary of Defense
and Others", is revoked.
5-109. Executive Order No. 11051, as amended, relating to
responsibilities of the Office of Emergency Preparedness, is
revoked.
5-110. Executive Order No. 11415, as amended, relating to the
Health Resources Advisory Committee, is revoked.
5-111. Executive Order No. 11795, as amended, entitled
"Delegating Disaster Relief Functions Pursuant to the Disaster
Relief Act of 1974", is revoked, except for Section 3 thereof.
5-112. Executive Order No. 11725, as amended, entitled "Trans-
fer of Certain Functions of the Office of Emergency Prepared-
ness", is revoked.
5 -- 113. Executive Order No. 11749, as amended, entitled "Con-
solidating Disaster Relief Functions Assigned to the Secretary of
Housing and Urban Development", is revoked.
5-2. Amendments.
5-201. Executive Order No. 10421, as amended, relating to
physical security of defense facilities, is further amended by
(a) substituting the "Director of the Federal Emergency Manage-
ment Agency" for "Director of the Office of Emergency Planning"
in Sections I(a), I(c), and 6(b); and (b) substituting "Federal
Emergency Agency" for "Office of Emergency Planning" in Sections
6(b) and 7(b).
5-202. Executive Order No. 10480, as amended, is further
amended by (a) substituting "Director of the Office of Emergency
Management Agency" for "Director of the Office of Emergency Man-
agement Agency Planning" in Sections 101(a), 101(b), 201(a),
201(b), 301, 304, 307,308, 310(b), 311(b), 312, 313, 401(b),
401(e), and 606; and, (b) substituting "Director of the Federal
Emergency Agency" for "Administrator of General Services" in Sec-
tion 610.
5-203. Section 3(d) of Executive Order No. 10582, as amended,
which relates to determinations under the Buy American Act, is
amended by deleting "Director of the Office of Emergency Plan-
ning" and substituting therefor "Director of the Federal Emer-
gency Management Agency".
5-204. Paragraph 21 of Executive Order No. 10789, as amended, is
further amended by adding "The Federal Emergency Management
Agency" after "Government Printing Office".
5-205. Executive Order No. 11179, as amended, concerning the
National Defense Executive Reserve, is further amended by delet-
ing "Director of the Office of Emergency Planning" in Section 2
and substituting therefor "Director of the Federal Emergency Man-
agement Agency".
5-206. Section 7 of Executive Order No. 11912, as amended, con-
cerning energy policy and conservation, is further amended by
deleting "Administrator of General Services" and substituting
therefor "Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency".
5-207. Section 2(d) of Executive Order No. 11988 enkindled
"Flood-plain Management" is amended by deleting "Federal Insur-
ance Administration" and substituting therefor "Director of the
Federal Emergency Management Agency".
5-208. Section 5-3 of Executive Order No. 12046 of March 29,
1978, is amended by deleting "General Services Administration"
and substituting therefor " Federal Emergency Management Agency"
and by deleting "Administrator of General Services" and sub-
stituting therefor "Director of the Federal Emergency Management
Agency".
5-209 Section 1-201 of Executive Order No. 12065 is amended by
adding "The Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency"
after "The Administrator, National Aeronautics and Space Adminis-
tration" and by deleting "Director, Federal Preparedness Agency
and to the" from the parentheses after "The Administrator of Gen-
eral Services".
5-210. Section 1-102 of Executive Order No. 12075 of August 16,
1978, is amended by adding in alphabetical order "(p) Federal
Emergency Management Agency".
5-211. Section 1-102 of Executive Order No. 12083 of September
27, 1978 is amended by adding in alphabetical order "(x) the
Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency".
5-212. Section 9.11(b) of Civil Service Rule IX (5 CFR Part 9) is
amended by deleting "the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency and".
5-213. Section 3(2) of each of the following described Executive
Orders is amended by adding "Federal Emergency Management Agency"
immediately after "Department of Transportation". (a) Executive
Order No. 11331 establishing the Pacific Northwest River Basins
Commission.
(b) Executive Order No. 11345, as amended, establishing the Great
Lakes Basin Commission.
(c) Executive Order No. 11371, as amended, establishing the New
England River Basins Commission.
(d) Executive Order No. 11578, as amended, establishing the Ohio
River Basin Commission.
(e) Executive Order No. 11658, as amended, establishing the Mis-
souri River Basin Commission.
(f) Executive Order No. 11659, as amended, establishing the Upper
Mississippi River Basin Commission.
5-214. Executive Order No. 11490, as amended, is further
amended as follows:
(a) Delete the last sentence of Section 102(a) and substitute
therefor the following: "The activities undertaken by the depart-
ments and agencies pursuant to this Order, except as provided in
Section 3003, shall be in accordance with guidance provided by,
and subject to, evaluation by the Director of the Federal Emer-
gency Management Agency".
(b) Delete Section 103 entitled "Presidential Assistance" and
substitute the following new Section 103: "Sec. 103 General Coor-
dination. The Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) shall determine national preparedness goals and policies
for the performance of functions under this Order and coordinate
the performance of such functions with the total national
preparedness programs".
(c) Delete the portion of the first sentence of Section 401 prior
to the colon and insert the following: "The Secretary of Defense
shall perform the following emergency preparedness functions".
(d) Delete "Director of the Federal Preparedness Agency (GSA)" or
"the Federal Preparedness Agency (GSA)" and substitute therefor
"Director FEMA", in Sections 401 (3), 401 (4), 401 (5), 401 (9),
401 (10), 401 (14), 401 (15), 401 (16), 401 (19),401 (21), 401
(22), 501 (8), 601 (2), 904 (2), 1102 (2), 1204 (2), 1401 (a),
1701, 1702, 2003, 2004, 2801 (5), 3001, 3002 (2), 3004, 3005,
3006, 3008, 3010, and 3013.
(e) The number assigned to his Order shall be substituted for "
11051 of September 26, 1962" in Section 3001, and for "11051" in
Sections 1802, 2002(3), 3002 and 3008(1).
(f) The number assigned to this Order shall be substituted
for "10952" in Sections 1103, 1104, 1205, and 3002.
(g) Delete "Department of Defense" in Sections 502, 601(1), 804,
905, 1103, 1104, 1106 (4), 1205, 2002 (8), the first sentence of
Section 3002, and Sections 3008 (1) and 3010 and substitute
therefor "Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency".
SECTION 6. This Order is effective July 15, 1979.
JIMMY CARTER
The White House,
July 20, 1979. *
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Series Title:
IN CASE OF EMERGENCY ...
FEMA vs. Your Constitutional Rights
[This series of texts is reproduced with permission from
a special supplement to _The Spotlight_, May 25, 1992.
The SPOTLIGHT
300 Independence Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20003
This text may be freely reproduced provided acknowledgement to
The Spotlight appears, including the above address.]
CARTER'S TRUE LEGACY SHOCKING
By Mike Blair
Exclusive to The SPOTLIGHT
Washington, DC -- While many frown when they think of the high interest
rates, U.S. hostages held abroad and foreign policy giveaways associated
with the Carter administration, former President Jimmy Carter's true legacy
may be even more shocking than imagined.
Carter seemingly ran an end run around a law passed in the wake of
Watergate and signed before Carter took office, which limited White House
powers, when he formed the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
FEMA was based on Richard Nixon's Executive Order (EO) 11490.
The legislation contained nearly 200,000 words on 32 pages. It
pertained to every executive order ever issued unless specifically revoked.
When Carter took office, EO 11490 was incorporated into a new order
allowing a president to assume dictatorial powers during any self-
proclaimed "emergency" situation; these powers will remain with a president
until specifically revoked by Congress.
Some senators thought they had successfully squashed the chief
executive's "national emergency" powers more than 10 years ago, after a
bipartisan congressional committee pushed the National Emergencies Act into
law.
Until September 14, 1976, the nation's chief executive officer was
empowered by more than 470 special statues to "seize property, organize and
control the means of production, seize commodities, institute martial law,
seize and control all transportation and communication, regulate the
operation of private enterprise, restrict travel and, in a host of other
ways, control the lives of Americans," then-Sen. Frank Church (D-Idaho)
said in the _Congressional Record_.
The National Emergencies Act, which took effect in 1978, was supposed
to prevent the nation from turning into a potential dictatorship.
Presidents had used their "emergency" powers at least four times in the
previous 45 years.
The president held this little-known sway over citizens through
executive orders, which he could write into law in a moment's notice. No
group, neither elected officials, business leaders, nor private citizens,
had the power to void these laws.
Franklin Roosevelt invoked a national emergency in 1933 to deal with
the banking crisis, and Harry Truman responded to the Korean War with an
emergency act in 1950.
Richard Nixon declared a pair of crises. In March 1970 he declared a
national emergency to deal with the post office strike. The Nixon White
House was at it again 16 months later when it implemented currency
restriction in August of 1971 in order to control foreign trade.
Then, in 1976, after two years of public hearings and committee
meetings, a bipartisan special congressional Committee on Emergency Powers
pushed legislation to wrestle power from the White House.
The National Emergencies Act became law on September 14, 1978,.
Senators used the second anniversary of their law to pat each other on the
back -- through the _Congressional Record_ -- and to attempt to establish
Congress's role in national security.
"The Congress must never again trade away its responsibilities in the
name of national emergency," Church said. "Let that be one of the lessons
learned from the investigation completed, the passage of the National
Emergencies Act and the termination today of emergency powers."
Church's warning fell on deaf ears. Less than one year later,
President Jimmy Carter ordered into being an entire apparatus --
unprecedented in American history -- designed to seize and exercise all
political, economic and military power in the United States.
Carter, Ronald Reagan, George Bush or any future president could
establish himself as total dictator.
Carter did this with an executive order -- EO 12148.
An executive order has never been defined by Congress. The validity
of such directives has been questioned many times, but there has never been
a decision made by the courts or Congress on how far-reaching executive
orders may be.
Through existing executive orders it is possible for one person to
ignore the Constitution, Congress and the will of the American people. A
complete dictatorship can be imposed under the veil of law.
A declaration by the president of the existence of a "national
emergency" has always stopped short of martial law, although the president
has that prerogative. Undoubtedly it would be exercised in the event of an
attack on the United States.
An attempt was made to incorporate all the "national emergency" powers
into one law under Nixon. However, in the wake of the Watergate scandal,
he was unable to pull off the presidential coup.
Carter, a Trilateralist, did.
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Series Title:
IN CASE OF EMERGENCY ...
FEMA vs. Your Constitutional Rights
[This series of texts is reproduced with permission from
a special supplement to _The Spotlight_, May 25, 1992.
The SPOTLIGHT
300 Independence Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20003
This text may be freely reproduced provided acknowledgement to
The Spotlight appears, including the above address.]
BLUEPRINT FOR U.S. DICTATORSHIP PLACES INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AT RISK
By Mike Blair
Exclusive to The SPOTLIGHT
Washington, DC -- During the Persian Gulf war and the military buildup
leading to it, President George Bush began using the term "New World
Order," often suggesting that the commitment of so-called multinational
forces involved in the military effort was the beginning of this alleged
worldwide utopia.
Supposedly using the vehicle of the United Nations, Bush's New World
Order would be the arbitrator of all world problems and the apparatus to
enforce globalist dictates through the use of armed forces combined from
the armies of member nations. The UN law would be, regardless of the
nationalist interests of individual countries, the final word.
Actually, even the mention of a New World Order would normally be
anathema to thinking Americans and, in particular, conservative political
leaders and civil libertarians.
SINISTER TECHNOLOGY
It is also surprising to many critics of the move toward one-world
government that Bush would even dare choose the term "New World Order" to
define his globalist schemes. However, most Americans alive today were
born after World War II, when propaganda of the so-called Allied powers
used the terms of "New Order" or "New World Order" to describe in a
sinister way the military efforts of Japan and, in particular, Germany
under Adolf Hitler.
Few, it seems, have taken the time to analyze just what Bush has in
mind for his New World Order, of which America is to become an integral
part, starting with supplying about 90 percent of the muscle, and young
lives, that tackled and defeated Iraqi strongman Saddam Hussein's Arab
legions.
However, patriotic Constitutional scholars know that Bush's New World
Order is the worst attack ever on America as a sovereign, independent and
free nation.
BEGAN WITH WILSON
Efforts to form a global government are certainly nothing new.
American political leaders, who were concerned with America first, were
able to overcome the internationalist, one-world government machinations of
President Woodrow Wilson following World War I. Wilson was prevented from
realizing his visions of a New World Order, through the League of Nations,
by a powerful Senate opposition, which refused to rubber-stamp for Wilson
U.S. membership in the world body.
A few decades later, however, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt,
near the end of World War II, was able to get his one-world plans under way
by laying the groundwork for today's United Nations, which was completed
under his successor, Harry S. Truman.
A few years later, that membership in an UN-mandated war in Korea cost
America 35,000 young lives.
The problem that one-worlders have always encountered, of course, is
the U.S. Constitution, which has stood as a bulwark against any globalist
schemes.
Nevertheless, American presidents since Roosevelt have insidiously
chipped away at the great powers of the people, written into the
Constitution by America's immortal Founding Fathers, with the use of so-
called executive orders.
CAUSE FOR ALARM
Americans should be deeply alarmed that those presidents have signed a
series of executive orders (EOs) which, under the guise of any national
emergency declared by the president serving at the time, can virtually
suspend the Constitution and convert the nation into a virtual
dictatorship. Dissent, peaceful or otherwise, is eliminated.
Those backing efforts to circumvent the Constitution may have gotten
the idea from President Abraham Lincoln, whose use of various extraordinary
powers of his office -- which many Constitutional scholars still insist was
illegal -- suspended various civil rights to curb such problems as draft
riots during the Civil War.
In 1862, Congress enacted the Enrollment Act to allow the drafting of
young men for the Union Army. The act was rife with inequities, such as
the provision which allowed a man to pay $300 or hire a substitute to take
his place. This hated "Rich Man's Exemption," as it was called, angered
the average American of military age and in particular young Irish
immigrants in New York City.
A riot erupted in New York in 1863, and it resulted in Lincoln using
some extraordinary powers of his office to keep the Union from falling
apart from within.
But over the years, presidents have used these powers for purposes
never intended by the Founding Fathers.
INDIANS VICTIMIZED
President John Tyler used such powers in 1842 to round up Seminole
Indians in Georgia and Florida and force-march them -- men, women and
children -- to Arkansas. This was probably the first use of internment in
America to deal with unpopular minorities. It was not the last.
In 1886, the Geronimo Chiricahua Apache Indians surrendered to U.S.
troops in the West, were rounded up by order of President Grover Cleveland,
and shipped to internment in Florida and Alabama.
Earlier, during the War Between the States, Sioux Indians in
Minnesota, when there was a delay in paying them their yearly allowance,
began attacking nearby white settlements. Lincoln sent in a hastily raised
force of volunteers under Col. H. H. Sibley. Little Crow, leader of the
Kaposia band, was decisively defeated by the Union troops on September 23,
1862, and more than 2,000 Sioux were taken captive, although Little Crow
himself and a few followers escaped.
Through the process of a military tribunal, sanctioned by Lincoln, 36
Sioux leaders were publicly hanged. Whether the Sioux executed were
innocent or guilty was apparently immaterial. The revolt was quelled, and
the Minnesota Sioux were all moved to reservations in Dakota.
These instances of the nation's executive branch taking extraordinary
measures to confine, or intern, American Indians are just a few of many
examples.
More recent examples of interning minorities by executive order
occurred during World War I and World War II.
During World War I, an unknown number of German-Americans were rounded
up by federal authorities and interned until after the war. In addition,
regardless of the First Amendment of the Constitution, which guarantees
freedom of speech and of the press. German-language newspapers, published
within German-American communities in the United States, were banned.
WW II INTERNMENTS
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, within
days the FBI rounded up tens of thousands of Japanese-Americans, guilty
only of being of Japanese ancestry, under the authority of an executive
order issued by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The lists of those to
be apprehended had been drawn up months earlier, before the war.
Held in concentration camps, the perimeters guarded by U.S. soldiers
armed with machine guns, the mostly innocent and patriotic Japanese-
Americans were not released until after the war.
Congress has recently passed legislation extending the nation's
apologies to the Japanese-Americans and extending them compensation for
their years of confinement.
However, no apology or compensation has ever been extended to the more
than 8,000 German-Americans who were confined in dozens of jails and camps
across the United States, also by order of Roosevelt.
Many were not released until 1947, a full two years after the end of
the war, in total violation of the Geneva Conventions.
"What happened to me and thousands of others is old history," said
Eberhard Fuhr of Cincinnati, who was interned at 17 years of age, "but the
next time it could be any other group, which is then not politically
correct, or out of favor for any other reason (SPOTLIGHT, May 20, 1991).
Fuhr's warning, of course, had already been proved correct just
several months earlier when, under orders of Bush, the FBI hounded
thousands of innocent Arab-Americans as the U.S. prepared for the Persian
Gulf conflict.
Only the efforts of a handful of irate U.S. Congressmen halted the
harassment but not until after a number of U.S. military bases were
selected as sites of internment camps for Arab-Americans and war
dissenters.
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Series Title:
IN CASE OF EMERGENCY ...
FEMA vs. Your Constitutional Rights
[This series of texts is reproduced with permission from
a special supplement to _The Spotlight_, May 25, 1992.
The SPOTLIGHT
300 Independence Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20003
This text may be freely reproduced provided acknowledgement to
The Spotlight appears, including the above address.]
HELP BUNGLED AND DISORGANIZED
By Martin Mann and George Nicholas
Exclusive to The SPOTLIGHT
Washington, DC -- One after another, two violent, cataclysmic disasters
struck the United States in the fall of 1989. Hurricane Hugo roared
through the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico and the Carolinas in September.
Within weeks, northern California was shaken by the Loma Prieta earthquake
that left hundreds of thousands of victims and billions of dollars in
damage in its wake.
Having spent "over $25 billion on setting up FEMA," American taxpayers
were entitled to expect "quick and efficient help" from it in the face of
such shattering calamities. But the response by the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) to these upheavals was "bungled" and
"disorganized," says Ray Groover, who reported on the hurricane for a San
Juan, Puerto Rico, newspaper and is now studying for a graduate degree in
journalism at Columbia University in New York.
Since the Disaster Relief Act of 1988, FEMA has been responsible for
coordinating the "[disaster] preparedness, response and recovery actions of
state and local governments." Unable to live up to these responsibilities
during the 1989 crisis, the agency drew sharp criticism from the press and
from Congress, whose leaders assigned the General Accounting Office (GAO)
to conduct the first-ever detailed investigation of FEMA.
For a year, GAO field examiners interviewed hundreds of disaster
victims, state and local relief workers, journalists and other witnesses.
The agency has assembled a 71-page report on U.S. relief operations.
WATCHDOG AGENCY RATES FEMA
Having obtained an advance copy of that survey, a team of SPOTLIGHT
reporters found that the congressional watchdog agency rated FEMA's ability
to deal with natural disasters as being "inefficient," "weak" and
"dilatory."
Noting that "emergency management includes three phases:
preparedness, response and recovery," GAO probers warned that FEMA failed
to operate "as efficiently as possible" in all these areas.
There was evidence of "inadequate planning ... inadequate or no
standard operating procedures ... [and a] lack of coordination" wherever
FEMA's bureaucrats intervened, the GAO report concluded. Among the results
of these botched relief attempts were "delays in providing disaster
assistance and duplicate payments for some [of FEMA's] activities," the
congressional overseers discovered.
One example of FEMA's failure cited by the GAO survey team involved
4,000 low-income units wholly destroyed in California's devastating October
1989 earthquake. "Thirteen months later, only 114 units had been processed
and approved for [rehabilitation] funding," the report reveals. Similarly,
10 months after Hurricane Hugo, most of the families left homeless "had not
yet been provided with housing assistance from FEMA."
DIRECTORS SHELL GAME
Warned that the GAO report will expose FEMA as incompetent and
wasteful, President George Bush fired agency Director Julius Becton, an
elderly three-star general, whose principal qualifications for flag rank
was Henry Kissinger's wish to promote "minority" officers, Defense
Department sources say.
Becton was replace by Wallace Stickney, a former New Hampshire state
official whose colorless and low-profile reputation is expected to dampen
the fireworks the GAO report might otherwise touch off about the inadequacy
of federal relief operations.
But simply shifting directors "does not answer the real question: If
[FEMA officials] seem uninterested and negligent when it comes to disaster
response, what are FEMA's thousands of bureaucrats working on?" asked
Groover.
The answer, a SPOTLIGHT investigation has found, is that FEMA's
leadership is developing programs that will not merely "[ensure] the
continuity of the federal government in any national emergency-type
situation," as decreed by President Gerald Ford in Executive Order 11921,
but REPLACE the nation's Constitutional statecraft with a centralized
"command system."
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
As you can see, the federal government has taken steps to "insure" that
the "will of the people" is ignored and that their monopoly on power can't be
revoked, even by a mandate from the masses.
I would like to thank the people who researched this topic and originally
brought this information to light.
[EOF]